what does liberally mean

What Does Liberally Mean - Philosophia et septem artes liberales, the liberal arts for themselves. Landsberg from Herrada's Hortus deliciarum (12th century)

The term liberal arts is used in terms of learned skills rather than fine arts. A liberal arts education may refer to a liberal arts degree course or university education. Such a course of study differs from those which are mainly professional, vocational or technical.

What Does Liberally Mean

The liberal arts were a continuation of the research methods of the Anchitic Greeks, which began with a "common desire for understanding."

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Pythagoras claimed that there was a mathematical and geometric harmony with the cosmos or cosmos; his followers combined the four arts of astronomy, mathematics, geometry, and music into one field of study, forming the "medieval quadrivium sciences."

In the IV century BC. Aths, i.e. the government of the polis or city-state, placed the faculty of rhetoric or oratory above almost everything else.

Eventually, rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic (logic) became the trivium curriculum. Together they became known as the liberal arts.

Originally, these subjects or skills were considered necessary for a free man in classical antiquity (liberalis, "worthy of a free man")

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To be able to participate actively in civic life, including participating in public debates, defending in court, serving on juries, and serving in the military. Although the art of the quadrivium predates the art of the trivium, the curriculum of the Middle Ages included first the trivium (grammar, logic, and rhetoric), followed by the quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy ) was taught. educational stage.

In the main educational program of late classical and Hellenistic Greece - kuklios paideia or "comprehensive education" - "liberal arts" or "liberal studies" (Latin liberalia studia) were already called during the Roman Empire. . The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" (artes liberales) is in Marcus Tullius Cicero's De Invtione, but it is not known whether he coined the term.

Seca Jr. discusses ethics in liberal arts education from a critical Stoic perspective.

And it was only after Marcianus Capella in the 5th century brought the liberal arts to himself as brides in the marriage of Mercury and philology.

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The four "scientific" arts—music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy—have been known since the time of Boethius as the quadrivium. After the 9th century, the remaining three "humanities" arts - grammar, logic and rhetoric - were united as a trivium.

In this dual form, the liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.

In the 12th century, the iconic image - Philosophia et septem artes liberales (Philosophy and the Liberal Arts) - was created by Herrada, an Alsatian nun and abbess of Landsberg, with a group of women in the Hortus deliciarum.

Their cyclopedia collected ideas from philosophy, theology, literature, music, art and science and was used as a teaching tool for the abbess.

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The image of philosophy and the liberal arts itself represents the circle of philosophy and is formed by a cathedral rosette: a central circle and a series of semicircles around it. It shows learning and knowledge organized in seven relationships, Septem Artes Liberales or Sev Liberal Arts. Each of these arts has its source from the Greek philosophia, philosophy, literally "love of wisdom."

Saint Albert the Great, a doctor of the Catholic Church, pointed out that the liberal arts are mentioned in the Holy Scriptures, saying: "It is written: 'Wisdom has built herself a house, she has set up for herself seven pillars'" Proverbs. 9:1) This house is Holy of Holies, Virgin; Your major is liberal arts."

Italian humanists in the chair and their northern counterparts changed this process, although in many ways they continued the medieval tradition.

Rebaptizing the old trivium with a new and more grandiose name: Studia humanitatis, they also expanded its scope, disparaging logic as opposed to traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and included history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics). added. , poetry was also given a new emphasis.

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The humanist curriculum spread throughout Europe in the sixties and became the basis of education for the European elite, political administration officials, clergy of various legitimate churches, and the learned legal and medical professions.

The ideal of a liberal arts or humanistic education based on classical languages ​​and literature existed in Europe until the middle of the 20th century; In the late 19th century in the United States, it came under increasing attack by academics interested in reshaping American higher education along the lines of the natural and social sciences.

Similarly, Wilhelm von Humboldt's model of education in Prussia (now Germany) later became a model for non-vocational higher education in North America. In a letter to the King of Prussia, he wrote:

It cannot be denied that there is a certain type of knowledge that must be common, and above all, a certain education of mind and character, without which no one can do. People, regardless of their profession, cannot be good craftsmen, merchants, soldiers, or entrepreneurs unless they are good, honorable, and educated people and citizens. If this foundation is laid in school, professional skills are easily acquired later, and a person can always move freely from one profession to another, as is often the case in life.[26]

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Philosopher Julian Nida-Rümelin criticized the inconsistency between Humboldt's ideals and modern European education policy, which narrowly understands education as preparation for the labor market, and argued that we have to decide between "McKinsey and Humboldt."

The modern use of the term liberal arts consists of four fields: the natural sciences, the social sciences, the arts, and the humanities. Academic fields associated with the term liberal arts include:

Covers philosophy, theology, history, art, literature and social sciences. Wesleyan University's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program offers courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy. includes

Curricula vary from school to school, but typically include language, chemistry, biology, geography, art, math, music, history, philosophy, civics, social studies, and foreign languages.

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Teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, usually with small classes; Professors are often allowed to focus more on their teaching duties than professors at research universities.

In addition, most four-year colleges offer a liberal arts degree rather than solely or primarily devoted to liberal arts degrees and allow non-liberal students to take courses to satisfy liberal arts distribution requirements. .

Traditionally, a bachelor's degree in a particular liberal arts major is earned in four years of full-time study with major study outside that major. However, some universities, such as Saint Leo University,

Began offering liberal arts degrees. Colleges such as Thomas More College of Liberal Arts offer a unique program with only one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, while Harvard's Extension School offers both a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and a Master of Liberal Arts.

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Degree; After completing their undergraduate education, students can transfer to a liberal arts university or a professional school (government, engineering, business, law, medicine, theology).

In 1937 St. John's College transformed its curriculum, focusing on the Great Books of the Western world, to provide a new kind of education that stood apart from the increasingly specialized nature of higher education.

"The Victory of S. Thomas and the Allegory of the Sciences" by Andrea di Bonaluto. Fresco, 1365-68, Basilica of S. Maria Novella.

Liberal arts education is deeply rooted in most of Europe. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their educational system, this is called humanistic education (humanistische Bildung). This term should not be confused with some modern educational concepts that use similar words. Educational institutions that consider themselves part of this tradition are often gymnasiums (high schools, gymnasiums). Their goal is to provide comprehensive education (Bildung) to students in order to form a personality in terms of the student's humanity and innate intellectual abilities.

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Going back to the old liberal arts tradition in Europe, education in the above fields was freed from scholastic thinking and transformed by Enlightenment theorists; especially Wilhelm von Humboldt. Because students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education in high school, the role of liberal arts education in university undergraduate programs is often reduced compared to the US education system.

Students are expected to use the skills they have acquired in gymnasium to further their personal development in their responsibilities, e.g. in university music clubs, theater groups, language clubs, etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer appropriate opportunities, but such activities are not included in the university curriculum.

Pioneering institutions like Switzerland's Franklin University (formerly known as Franklin College) are exceptions.

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